Everyone experiences sensory input — sights, sounds, tastes, smells and textures — differently. While some enjoy loud environments, others crave quiet spaces. Polyester fabrics might feel pleasant to some but irritate others.
These differences can be more pronounced in children who are neurodivergent, and they may react strongly to certain kinds of sensory input. According to Corey Lieneman, Ph.D., supervising psychologist with the Center for Behavioral Health at Boys Town National Research Hospital, these differences can present challenges in everyday life. She shared the following tips for parents of children who are neurodivergent.
Understanding Your Child’s Sensory Needs
- Sensory differences. Sensory needs for neurodivergent children are more than likes and dislikes. Actual differences in brain structure and chemistry affect how these children react to specific sensory experiences. Hypersensitivity occurs when input is experienced more intensely; hyposensitivity is when input is experienced less strongly. As a result, a child may seek out or avoid certain sensory experiences.
- Sensory patterns. Even when they can’t verbalize it, children show preferences through their behavior — focusing intently on some things and reacting strongly to others. The connection to a specific stimulus isn’t always clear. Parents should watch for patterns and talk to their child to determine what they find soothing versus what overwhelms them.
- Sensory balance. A common misconception is that the child may be harmed in some way by a particular sensory input. None of us likes to be uncomfortable, but that doesn't mean a certain stimulus must be avoided at all costs. Gradual exposure, positive reinforcement and realistic expectations can help children thrive without becoming overwhelmed.
Managing Sensory Seeking and Avoidance
- Sensory Seeking. Everyone engages in sensory seeking to some degree. Children who are neurodivergent may seek out certain experiences more often or in ways that society deems inappropriate. Twirling your own hair is socially acceptable, for example, but twirling someone else’s is not. It’s important not to shame a child for sensory-seeking behavior. Instead, teach appropriate alternatives and praise or reward acceptable behavior.
- Sensory Avoidance. Eliminating all unpleasant sensory input isn’t realistic. If a child is overwhelmed by a loud school lunchroom, for example, using noise-canceling headphones can help. It’s also important to work toward improved tolerance over time. Start with small goals, such as tolerating loud noises for a minute, and reward successes as the child gradually builds tolerance.
Building Support Strategies at Home and School
- Sensory Breaks. When children are restricted to a certain type of sensory input for long periods of time — such as sitting in a car or classroom — scheduled sensory breaks can help prevent sensory overload. Schools can offer sensory breaks to allow the child to seek soothing sensory input as part of an Individualized Education Program (IEP). These breaks should be scheduled, earned or requested appropriately, not used as a reward for disruptive behavior. Children can be coached to request a sensory break with a card or simple phrase, rather than yelling or acting out.
- Sensory Spaces. A sensory space at home or school is a place that helps children moderate their sensory experience. These spaces are designed to minimize unpleasant sounds, lighting and textures while featuring soothing sensory objects, such as a sandbox, water table, weighted blanket, fidget toys and chewy necklaces with chew-safe beads. Simpler experiences, such as a longer bath if that’s something the child enjoys, can also be an option.
As children grow and change, sensory strategies may need to be adjusted. The goal is to help children manage each new challenge. If sensory needs become overwhelming or interfere with the child’s ability to navigate school or social situations, behavioral and occupational therapy specialists at Boys Town and other organizations can help families navigating these challenges.
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